ISA-95 explained simply

Place each industrial system at the right level.

Use ISA-95 to separate control, supervisory, manufacturing operations and enterprise functions while keeping the real data path visible.

Level Zero (0) to Level One (1)

Physical process and basic control: sensors, actuators, PLCs and drives.

Level Two (2)

Supervisory control: HMI, SCADA and local operational visibility.

Level Three (3)

Manufacturing operations: MES, quality, production tracking and scheduling.

Level Four (4)

Business planning and logistics: ERP, finance, planning and enterprise workflows.

ISA-95 is a functional model, not a wiring diagram.

It helps define responsibilities and interfaces. Actual network architecture should still account for security zones, industrial DMZs, approved protocols and data ownership.